The Future of Hydrogen – Balancing Innovation with Safety

In recent discussions, much attention has been focused on the role of hydrogen in shaping a green, carbon-free future. Various terms such as green, blue, and black hydrogen have emerged, reflecting the technologies used to produce it. However, another important characteristic of hydrogen must be considered—its explosive nature.

Although there is extensive experience in handling natural gas, LPG, and other energy sources, the same level of expertise with hydrogen is still in the process of being established. A comparison between hydrogen and methane reveals some critical differences. Hydrogen requires 30 times less ignition energy, is 8 times lighter, and can form an explosive atmosphere in air at concentrations of up to 77%, compared to methane’s 16%. Additionally, while gas pipelines typically operate at pressures below 40 bar for methane, hydrogen systems often reach pressures around 700 bar. Furthermore, hydrogen flames are invisible, adding to the complexity of risk management.

Recent incidents involving hydrogen highlight the need for greater caution. For example, during the maiden voyage of the world’s first hydrogen tanker, an explosion occurred while the vessel, which was fuelled by hydrogen, was transporting liquefied hydrogen from Australia to Japan. Another explosion was reported in the United States during the refuelling of a hydrogen-powered bus, resulting in the destruction of both the bus and the hydrogen dispenser. In Germany, a mistake during pipe replacement led to hydrogen being pumped into compressed air pipelines, affecting all users of compressed air.

When designing Ex-equipment for hydrogen, stricter standards are applied due to its classification in gas group IIC, compared to group IIA for methane and other energy gases. This means that the testing and certification processes for hydrogen equipment, according to ATEX or IECEx standards, involve additional considerations.

The key to managing the risks associated with hydrogen lies in comprehensive training. Investments in education in this area yield significant returns in terms of safety—far beyond what can be measured in financial terms. At SIQ, we are committed to ensuring that knowledge and experience are gained through proactive learning rather than through incidents. By preparing thoroughly, at SIQ we can help build a future where hydrogen safely fulfils its potential as a possible cornerstone of clean energy.

More information:
Matej Debenc
E-mail: matej.debenc@siq.si
Tel.: +386 1 4778 227